Banned Books Week September 26 to October 3

BANNED BOOKS WEEK: SEPTEMBER 26 TO OCTOBER 3 What do The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The World According to Garp, and Of Mice and Men have in common? They’ve all been banned. At one point or another, somebody (or a group of somebodies, as is often the case), decided that these books – and hundreds of others – should be removed from libraries and schools. And who decided that these somebodies had the final say over what lines our community bookshelves? Well, um . . . they did. Photo by DML East Branch I can’t imagine going through high school without Kurt Vonnegut or John Irving. Or being a ‘tween without Judy Blume. Or a college student without Flannery O’Connor or Toni Morrison. Or never reading The Kite Runner or Babbitt because somebody didn’t think it was right for me. Bill Maher calls it â€Å"legistlating taste.† Thomas Jefferson was â€Å"mortified† at the thought. Chuck Palahniuk called censored media â€Å"white noise.† Banned Books Week is sponsored by the American Booksellers Association, American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression, and the American Library Association, just to name a few. And it has one purpose: to celebrate our First Amendment and our freedom to read (and write) what we want. Wanna join the celebration? Check out this list of banned books from the American Library Association, and pick up a banned book. Happy Banned Books Week!!

The concepts of race

The concepts of race, racism and cultural relativism are distinct issues that have influenced race relations today and in the past. This paper will describe each issue and its affect on slavery and the subjugation of Indians in America. Race and racism are often confused concepts. They do interrelate, but they are separate issues. Race can be strictly defined as the difference in human beings distinguished by physical features such as the color of skin, hair and eyes and the shape of features and body. The division of race by this definition can be very limited to the three primary divisions Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid. These divisions are broadened when the definition of race is expanded to include the difference in human beings based on geographic area and similar habits, beliefs, and traits. American Indians as a group do not fit into any of three primary divisions. In theory, Native Americans taken together belong to what most anthropologists would call a basic race. Yet, on the whole, they tend to be a loose residue of tribes rather than a racial entity. (Hacker p. 5) What is important to realize about the concept of race is that it is a human creation. (Hacker p. 4) It is a concept that dates back to whatever time in history people first started noticing a difference in one another and associating that difference with physical characteristics and perhaps even languages and lifestyles. Racism grew out of this recognition of differences between human beings. Certain beliefs started to be formed about the differences and those beliefs were then assigned to the entire race as it was defined. For example, when discoverers first came to America, they found the land inhabited by Indian tribes. Compared to western civilization, the Indians lifestyles, tools, customs, etc. seemed primitive. Similarly, African tribes were of a primitive nature in westerners opinion. The w...

Comparison between sudden fiction story The Country Where Nobody Ever Essay

Comparison between sudden fiction story The Country Where Nobody Ever Grew Old and Died by William Maxwell and the Garden of Eden from the Bible - Essay Example He/she claims that the story is in the Leipzig edition of the book; however, Beckford’s book does not have any reference to the case that told in the story. The major theme of the story, as its title also implied, is the question of immortality/temporality. In that sense, the story reminds â€Å"Garden of Eden† in the Bible. The aim of this paper is to compare how the theme of immortality/ temporality is interwoven into the fabrics of both stories. Firstly, a brief account on the theme of immortality in the â€Å"Garden of Eden† story will be given. Then, the stories’ differences in regard to the theme will be discussed. Before proceeding to the comparison, the question of immortality raised by the â€Å"Garden of Eden† story must be discussed. The question of what death is and whether Adam was made mortal holds a crucial place in biblical studies. The question of mortality/immortality is significant in a sense that it puts the authority of God in question while raising a suspicion that whether the snake was right. In Genesis 2: 15-17, God makes an arrangement with Adam and tells him that he will die if he eats of the tree of the knowledge: The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, saying â€Å"You may surely eat of every tree of the garden, â€Å"but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die.† It is very clear from the above passage that if they disobey God’s command, they will be punished by death sentence. On the other hand, when the serpent and Eve converse (3:1b-5), the serpent says to the woman â€Å"You will not surely die† and contradicts God’s commandment of â€Å"You shall surely die†. However, although they ate the fruit of the tree of knowledge, they did not die and God pronounces a different sentence in 3:14-19. The discrepancy between the

SUPPLY CHAIN GLOBAL TREND - Supply and logistics management CLASS Research Paper

SUPPLY CHAIN GLOBAL TREND - Supply and logistics management CLASS - Research Paper Example Customers on their part have become very sophisticated in that they are so keen to discover how a certain product affects the rest of the world. Any business that engages in sustainable activities has received a lot of favors from the rest of the world through donations and market share. The most important aspect of any business dealing is the nature of the supply chain in which the organization uses to acquire goods and services as well as serve its clients. Sustainability is among the global trends affecting supply chain in the world today. Researchers and scholars believe that for an organization and the entire global market to become sustainable the process must start with individual supply chains (Faisal 517). As a result, related bodies have come up with strategies to help individual organizations and industries to establish sustainability in their supply chains. In this connection, this paper aims at discussing sustainability as one of the emerging global trends in supply chai n. Sustainability houses three key issues including environmental protection, socio-cultural and economic performance. These three must be incorporated in any business endeavor to make it sustainable and healthy to the society. Proponents of sustainability in supply chain see it as a way to improve organizational performance and a way to grow the general economy of the world. In addition, sustainable supply chain aims at mitigating the negative impacts on the environment and society that occur in the supply chain. A supply chain is made up different individuals with different personalities and ethnic background (Miemczyk 484). Social harmony and cultural responsibility must be upheld in the supply chain transactions to ensure that organizations achieve maximum success and that customer satisfaction is achieved. The environment in which a business operates is key to its success. The health of the environment determines the flow of material and

Subsidies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Subsidies - Research Paper Example This paper aims at examining the relationship between subsidies and economic growth in the context of developing countries. Subsidies are financial assistance provided by the government of a country to some of its domestic firms or a specific industry or sector (Schaffer, Agusti & Earle 374). The governments of different countries allocate subsidies to its industries with a variety of objectives both in direct and indirect forms. However, the central purpose of levying a subsidy is to keep the price below the level normally determined by the market forces in the sector in which the subsidy is provided and accelerate the course of development in the entire nation (Moltke, McKee & Morgan 23). In particular, subsidies are provided to those industries or sectors which are lagging behind the other sectors in the economy in terms of performance or are not being able to perform up the expected level. The subject about impact of subsidies on the developing countries is quite researched upon. Before going into the details of my research work I shall review some of the existing literature on this topic in this section. Peacock elaborates in his paper the role of subsidies is important in the overall welfare of the economy (Peocock 323-335). Although elimination of subsidies on necessary goods, such as agricultural products, medicines and other items related to health sector and the petroleum products, is a key policy prescription for the developing countries by the World Bank, no persuasive theory has been developed supporting this policy. Amegashie states in this context that the governments of the developing countries should exercise caution in following a process of removing subsidies since it might give rise to agitation on part of the citizens (Amegashie 7-15). Thus, the research will try to explore the effects and side effects of such system. The study employs secondary sources. The research will employ Qualitative method and

Psychological Impact of Newly Diagnosed Lung Cancer

Psychological Impact of Newly Diagnosed Lung Cancer CHAPTER ONE Introduction The concern addressed in this dissertation is to explore the psychological impact on a newly diagnosed lung cancer patient. Patients with lung cancer normally experience variety of distress symptoms, many of which begin prior to diagnosis and continue throughout the course of the disease and the treatment, which adversely affects the functional status and quality of life (Julkunen et al, 2009). The experience of lung cancer is not limited to only the victims but may equally have wide-range impact on families physical and emotional well-being. Therefore it is essential to critically assess the extent of this psychological impact of lung cancer on the patient. This topic is properly examined in context of a critical literature review approach. The approach has adopted the traditional method which is considered appropriate for the purpose of this piece of work. This method involves a critique, summary and synthesis of a body of literature after which a conclusions is drawn, (Coughlan,et al. 2008). According to Crombie (1996), the purpose of writing a literature review is to convey to readers the knowledge and ideas which have been established on the chosen topic, and explore the strength and weaknesses. This helps to identify gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. Gomm et al, (2000) stated that the purpose of a review is to analyse critically a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles. A further consideration for the literature review will not merely be a descriptive list of materials obtained, or a summary of relevant resource s, but rather to provide the framework of the research investigation and summarise the literature studied in order to develop the research study (Brink and Wood, 2001). A brief description of the anatomy and physiology of the lungs will be discussed to enhance proper understanding of the topic. Pathophysiology, aetiology and epidemiology of lung cancer will be outlined. The methodology will be described including a brief description of the models and strategies adopted in conducting the review. The review of 10 peer review papers are presented in chapters using critical appraisal tools to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the research papers. Both qualitative and quantitative primary research papers will also be used. Limitations of the literature and the process of the review will be identified. The dissertation will be structure in the following way: Chapter 2 will explore the background information about lung cancer by examining the pathophysiology, aetiology, and epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and evaluation of the disease. It also considers the rationale behind the chosen topic. Chapter 3, Research Methodology, outlining the various strategies employed to gather and analyse the sources of data. Chapter 4, Psychological distress: anxiety, depression, desire for hastened death, feeling of guilt and hopelessness. Chapter 5, Discusses the impact psychological distress has on quality of life of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients. Chapter 6, Summary of findings of the literature reviewed. Chapter 7, Limitations of the literature reviewed. Chapter 8, Limitations of the whole literature reviewing process. Chapter 9, Conclusion and Recommendations, distils the key points and relates them to proper management of lung cancer. It also proposes a number of recommendations to tackle the problems identified above. CHPTER 2 Lung cancer 2.1 Introduction The study is to identify the psychological impact of newly diagnosed lung cancer on the patient. Lung Cancer is a disease that begins in the tissue of the lungs. To better understand lung cancer, it is vital to understand the anatomy and physiology of the lungs. 2.2 Anatomy and physiology of the lungs The lungs are two cone-shaped structures positioned on either side of the heart. In the mediastinum. They are sponge-like organs that are part of the respiratory system. During breathing, air enters the mouth or nasal cavity and travels down the trachea. The trachea, divides into two smaller tubes: the right bronchus and the left bronchus. The right bronchus enters the right lung and the left bronchus enters the left lung. The right and left bronchus branch into bronchioles. These bronchioles end in tiny balloon-like air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are where oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances are exchanged between the lungs and the blood stream. (Gould, 2006). Pathophysiology, aetiology and epidemiology of lung cancer Lung cancer is a term, which covers a collection of several different forms of malignant tumour arising in the lungs and in the major airways (The Royal College of Physicians, 2005). There are two major types of lung cancer, non-small cell and small cell. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) arises from epithelial cells which is the most common type of lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells when seen under a microscope. According to (McCance and Heuther 2005) the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80% of all lung cancers. There are different types of NSCLC, these are: Squamous cell carcinoma (also called epidermoid carcinoma). This is the most common type of NSCLC. It forms in the lining of the bronchial tubes and is the most common type of lung cancer in men. Adenocarcinoma. This is found in the glands of the lungs that produce mucus. This is the most common type of lung cancer in women and also among people who have not smoked. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma. This is a rare subset of adenocarcinoma. It forms near the lungs air sacs. Recent clinical research by Scullion and Henry (1998) has shown that this type of cancer responds more effectively to the newer targeted therapies Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma. This cancer forms near the surface, or outer edges, of the lungs. It can grow rapidly. The small cell lung cancer (SCLC) as (MacCance and Huether, 2005) puts it, accounts for about 20% of all lung cancers. Although the cells are small, they multiply quickly and form large tumors that can spread throughout the body. Smoking is almost always the cause of SCLC. Lung cancer begins when cells in the lungs grow out of control and form a tumor. A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A cancerous tumor is a collection of a large number of cancer cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lungs (Muers et al, 2001). According to Hughes and Pride (1999), once a cancerous lung tumor begins to grow, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid called lymph, which surrounds lung tissue. Lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels that drain into lymph nodes. Cancer cells metastasise when it leaves its site of origin and moves into a lymph node or to a far away part of the body through the bloodstream. The location and size of the initial lung tumor, and whether it has spread to lymph nodes or more distant sites, determines the stage of lung cancer. The type of lung cancer and stage of the disease determine what type of treatment is needed. The staging system describes the extent of the disease at the time and therefore provides a basis for treatment and prognosis. The staging systems as described by McCances and Huether, (2006) are based on the following: The size of the primary tumour (T); The extent of regional lymph nodes (N); and The spread of the tumor (M). Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in the UK, resulting in 36,000 deaths each year (DOH, 2007). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer motality in the UK: In every 15 minutes, a new diagnosis is made with approximately 40,000 fresh cases every year (NICE, 2009). It remains the most frequent of all malignant diseases and the one with the poorest prognosis. 80 percent of effected people die within a year (DOH, 2007). Lung cancer continues to rise and is now very high in women as well as men (Hamer et al, 2008). Many epidemiological studies have assessed the extent and nature of problem in the UK, (Blackler et al, 2007) report that lung cancer occurs in people who smoke. This is supported by further research from the United States of America, including other comprehensive study conducted by Scullion and Henry (1998) that the risk of lung cancer is higher in persons who begin smoking early, continue for many years, and are considered heavy smokers. However (Gould, 2006) posited that people who dont smoke can also develop lung cancer, although this is much rarer. This confirms (McCance and Huethers, 2005) statement that people who have been in prolonged or close contact with asbestos have a higher risk of lung cancer, especially if they smoke. Lung cancer is rarely diagnosed in people younger than 40 most cases occur in people over the age of 60. 2.3 Pathogenesis, Treatment and Evaluation The treatment of lung cancer is based on the size and location of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread, and also the persons overall health. There are four basic ways to treat lung cancer: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (NICE, 2005). Treatment options differ for each individual and may depend on other factors such as age, physical condition, and other medical problems. The goal of Surgery is to remove the part of the lung where the tumor is isolated. Chemotherapy is to kill rapidly dividing cells in the body, including cancer cells using drugs. It is the main treatment for people with small cell lung cancer. In many people, chemotherapy will enable them to live for longer, with better control of symptoms. (NICE 2009) Chemotherapy may be given on its own, or before radiotherapy. Sometimes chemotherapy and radiotherapy are given at the same time; this is known as chemoradiation. Targeted therapy is a treatments designed to target cancer cells in more specific ways, usually involving the mechanisms that cause cancer cells to grow or divide (DOH, 2007). The diagnosis of lung cancer becomes a crisis in victims life when experienced, confronting them with changes in identity, role, and social interactions and presenting them with an uncertain future (Waller and caroline, 1996). Kemp (1999) posited, the psychosocial distress can interfere with the patients healthcare and diminish his or her health and functioning. Many patients who face cancer diagnosis that require physical effects of treatment appear to experience emotional difficulties, including anxiety and depression. Equally, patients with untreated depression or anxiety may be less likely to take their cancer medication and maintain their health. Moreover they may withdraw from family or other social support services which may affect the treatment outcome. 2.4 Rationale The rationale for the choice of topic was based on a desire to understand the psychological impact of lung cancer on the patient. Often the physical effects of the cancer disease and treatment are focused more on the curative effort. Therefore, it is important for the health-care team to address psychological effects, that cancer patients normally encounter that can greatly affect their sense of well-being. Nursing is expected to deliver high quality care that is effective in promoting health and well being (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber, 2006). Evidence-based practice is a key strategy in the development of modern health services and crucial to the development of nursing practice (Parahoo, 1997). Evidence-based care as Brink and Wood (2001) suggest and supported by (Carnwell 1997), is the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients or the delivery of health services. The successful completion of the review will investigate primary r esearch. In doing so this may act as an additional information source for healthcare professionals and as a basis for further enquiry. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Aims and research questions Against the background of the foregoing explanation, it is desirable to identify the psychological distress associated with lung cancer and how it affects the patient. The questions the review seeks to address/answer are 1. What are the psychological reactions of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients? 2. How do these psychological reactions affect physical and psychological wellbeing of theses patients? 3. What interventions can be used to address these psychological reactions of newly diagnosed lung cancer and manage them effectively? 3.2 Parameters for the literature search The chosen method is a systematic literature review of both qualitative and quantitative research in the study area. A systematic literature review as defined by (Parahoo, 1997) is a summary of research that uses explicit approach to perform a thorough literature search and critical appraisal of existing body of published knowledge to identify the valid and applicable evidence. It is a means of managing very large volumes of information to identify evidence on which recommendations can be made (Holloway and Wheeler, 2002). Studies were used if they included adults (age 45 +) who have been newly diagnosed of lung cancer. 3.3 Inclusion Criteria This review included literature published from the year 1999 onwards All papers published in English Language only. Primary research directly related to the topic and Published research articles only. 3.4 Exclusion criteria Primary research not directly related to the topic Unpublished research articles Articles published before the year 1999 Other people were involved also, people from the specialist cancer services and the librarians whose help was invaluable in developing a search strategy and in sourcing and retrieving papers. 3.5 Literature searching strategies The search was completed using electronic databases. These were the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, British Nursing Index, Northampton Full Text [emailprotected], Proquest, Medline, and PsycInfo. The Cochrane Library was searched initially to see if a similar study had been done. The other data based were then searched from 1999-2009. Medline is a nursing and medical database. It is known to be incomplete (Markinson, 2002) however (Tagney and Haines, 2009) demonstrated that a search on MEDLINE is likely to produce most of the appropriate papers because it publishes articles from a worldwide source. The hospital library service was used to find studies which were not available in full text form on the internet or locally held journals. Not all could be located; however this potentially could be a source of bias. In discussing the problems and importance of incomplete retrieval of papers, (Chalmers and Altman, 1995) argue that trials that are difficult to locate tend to be smaller and lower methodological quality than trials that are easily accessible. The key words used to search the database were LUNG CANCER, DIAGNOSIS, DEPRESSION, CANCERS, PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION, MEN, ANXIETY, ANGER, SADNESS, FEELING OF GUILT OR REGRET and PATIENTS FEELINGS. The nature of the study necessitated the use of very general terms such as lung cancer, and psychology. Sensitivity was chosen rather than specificity in the selection process and this meant that the search initially uncovered a large number of papers unrelated to the study. The result of the search was initially screened by reading the abstract online and retrieving the relevant ones using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies which were retrieved were screened again to make sure they fulfil all the criteria required to be used for the review. To avoid bias, this study used methods outlined by Aveyard (2008). The methods were simplified for people who are new to or have little experience in doing a literature review. As suggested by (Cutcliffe and Ward, 2003) met hods used in systematic reviews reduce the potential bias of the review. 3.6 Method of Evaluation The literature is evaluated using Greenhalg T (1997) structure for evaluating qualitative research. (See appendix 2) This model was selected because most of the research was qualitative due to the nature of the selected topic. Anxiety and depression are difficult to measure because its an emotional response and therefore immeasurable. 3,7 Method of Analysis The research is analysed using a summing up approach as described by (Aveyard, 2008) which is adopted from the approaches given by Paterson et al (2001). This model was chosen because it facilitates the extraction of themes from research literature of a diverse nature. Again is suitable for people who are new to the literature review process. The themes generated are: Psychological distress: Anxiety, depression, feeling of hopelessness and the desire for hastened death. Effect of psychological distress on quality of life of people with newly diagnosed lung cancer. 3.8 Data handling method The data was stored and subsequently analysed using data storage system described by (Cormack, 2000) this system has two commonly methods of storing data: storage in original form, and storage using computer. The printed research papers were stored in a ring binder file and a memory stick was used to store computerised data. The purpose of data storage as LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2006) puts it has three basic related purposes: to make sure that no data are lost; to ensure that information are obtained in a way which makes it reasonably accessible; and to ensure that the researcher is able to analyse the data. A separate note book was used to store references. 3.9 Resources required and sources identified Resources required are computers, various libraries, search engines, text books, stationary, supervisor, and librarian. Sources identified are internet and printed journals. CHAPTER FOUR THEME 1 Psychological distress: Anxiety, depression, desire for hastened death, feeling of guilt and hopelessness. Following exploration of the available and chosen research for this literature review, various themes have been identified. This chapter aims to discuss and explore the reviewed literature regarding the psychological distress of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients. It will discuss anxiety, depression, feeling of guilt and hopelessness which influence the disease-related factors on the desire for hastened death which have emerged from the data. Five studies (Akechi et al (2006), Turner et al, (2006), Wilson et al, (2007), (Rodin, et al 2009) and Mystakidou et al, (2008) will be examined using the methodology, discussions and analysis of the research to evaluate their findings. (See appendix 3 for research articles) In order for this to be achieved, the chapter has been divided into three sub-themes these are: Psychological distress. Anxiety and depression. Feeling of guilt/hopelessness and the desire for hastened death. There will be a small summary to conclude the chapter. 4.1 Psychological distress A cancer diagnosis can be viewed as a very stressful event for patients as they must adapt to the shock and uncertainty that such a diagnosis presents Fox et al (2006). As a result of life-threatening nature of cancer, psychological distress in cancer patients has been widely studied. Previous studies have indicated that 10-40% of cancer patients suffer from psychological distress (Skarstein, 1999). Vos et al, (2008) reported that 19% of lung cancer patients experienced depression between the time of diagnosis and initial treatment and 35% of them continued to experience the same disorder 6 months after. It is therefore vital to investigate the exact predictive factors of the psychological factors experienced by newly diagnosed lung cancer patients. The first research paper identified was conducted by Akechi et al (2006). The purpose of the study was to investigate longitudinal changes and predictive factors for psychological distress among newly diagnosed lung cancer patients. The study was conducted among 85 newly diagnosed advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Data were obtained in structured interview and validated self-report questionnaires. Psychological distress was evaluated using the Profile of Mood State (POMS) scale. This scale was developed by McNair et al., 1977. The POMS scale according to Akechi et al (2006) is a self-rating scale measuring six emotional sates (tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor, fatigue, and confusion) and total mood disturbance. It was hypothesized that a lower fighting spirit and a higher helplessness/hopelessness were significant predictors of total mood disturbances. Therefore initial psychological response after lung cancer diagnosis was the most relevant p redictor of subsequent psychological distress. Their findings indicate that initial mood disturbance after the disclosure of a diagnosis of cancer (shock and uncertainty) is the most relevant predictor for subsequent psychological distress and that early intervention beginning immediately after a diagnosis is one way of preventing and/or reducing subsequent psychological distress in lung cancer patients. Initial psychological response after cancer diagnosis seems to continue the subsequent illness trajectory for at least several months, although several dimensions of psychological response, including anxiety and depression, may decrease. In their words, the overall psychological distress does not decrease naturally in the usual clinical care setting. Their study has several methodological advantages as compared with other studies because the method used for collection and analysis of the data were clearly described in the study which confirms that the qualitative method used was appropriate for the study (Greenhalg, 2001). However it has several limitations and cautions must be used when interpreting its findings. First, it was stated in the methodology that the researchers were not able to obtain longitudinal data on approximately 40% of the potentially eligible subject at the time of the investigation (Akechi et al, 2006). This introduces the possibility of a selection bias (Crombie 1996). The absence of this longitudinal data mentioned demonstrate that individual level change over time could not be studied on 40% of the sample therefore the researchers could not obtain the longitudinal course of psychological distress of those people(Akechi et al, 2006). This indicate that the findings may be distorted by the bias, even though it seems to be very common and one of the most difficult issues that cannot be completely overcome in the studies focusing on advanced cancer patients. Secondly, of all, this study included up to 6 months follow-up after cancer diagnosis, the longitudinal course of patients psychological status thereafter is unclear. Six months after diagnosis may not be enough long time to evaluate the longitudinal course of distress experienced by advanced lung cancer patients. For example, a recent study, examining the course of psychological distress in metastatic breast cancer patients demonstrated that distress remained constant or declined during the illness trajectory; however distress significantly increased proximal to death (Hill et al, 2002). Considering the prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients, it seems plausible that many dimensions of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, may increase as death approaches. The convenience sampling method used also poses threat to the generalisation of the findings, because the study subjects consisted entirely of newly diagnosed advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCL) patients who visited one Thoracic Oncology Division in Japan. Since patients with other lung cancer types at other sites were not examined in the study, it remains unclear whether the results can be extrapolated to patients with other lung cancer types at other sites. Lastly, psychological distress after cancer diagnosis was the only significant predictive factor of subsequent psychological distress after cancer diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have addressed the predictive factors for psychological distress in lung cancer patients while several studies have investigated predictors for subsequent psychological distress in other types of cancers (REF). Edward and Clarke (2004) demonstrated that family functioning and patients illness characteristics were associated with anxiety and depression in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients. Consequently, because the follow-up period in this study was short and the sampling method used caution must be taken when interpreting the findings. 4.2 Anxiety and Depression Depression refers to an emotional disturbance marked by the cardinal symptoms of persistent and pervasive low mood and the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities (Skarstein et al, 2000). McPherson (2004) defined anxiety as a feeling of apprehension and fear characterized by physical symptoms such as palpitations sweating, and feelings of stress. Depression and anxiety disorders are thought to be common in palliative cancer care ( Strutkowski et al, 2008). The first study identified was conducted by Turner et al, (2006). It was a prospective observational cohort study of patients undergoing palliative radiotherapy for lung cancer. The aim was to measure psychological distress and concerns before and after treatment using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS) and a concern checklist. Participants were selected randomly from radiotherapy clinics in various hospitals. Data were obtained from a group of 83 elderly patients (aged 75 and above) being treated with palliative radiotherapy for lung cancer, with a comparison group of 49 younger patients (aged 65 and under). They completed the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and a concerns checklist before and after treatment. The HADS according to Skarstein, (1999) is an instrument which rates anxiety and depression in patients with physical illness. It has two sub-scales, one assessing anxiety, and another evaluating depression. Anxiety and depression subscales of the HADS were scored using a score of 0-7 = normal, 8-10 = borderline, and 11-21 = probable case (i.e. likely to have the diagnosis of anxiety or depression confirmed after formal psychiatric assessment). The concerns checklist data were examined to provide median numbers of concerns identified by each patient group before and after treatment and, the changes over time were compared statistically. They hypothesized that majority of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients experience severe level of depression and anxiety. The result of the study shows that the 60% of young group and 40% of elderly group had anxiety. And 30% of young group and 60% of the elderly group had depression. The young group consistently ranked the illness, the future relating to the illness, family and their energy level as their major concern and the elderly group also ranked family and breathlessness as their major concern. This findings suggested that people of all ages have similar concerns and level of anxiety and depression whiles receiving palliative radiotherapy for lung cancer. A year after a similar study was conducted by Wilson et al, (2007). It examined depression and anxiety disorders in 381 patients who were receiving palliative cancer care. The study group consisted of 212 women and 169 men (age 26-93). Data was obtained through the development of a structured interview of symptoms and concerns. Depression and anxiety disorders were assessed with a modified version of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) clinician evaluation guide. The PRIME-ED according to Fox, (2006) provides a quick screening method for a wide range of mental health disorders. The findings of the study suggested that physical symptoms (such as pain and breathlessness) as well as issues about the illness itself and its treatment were more likely to have been addressed. Anxiety and depression were the frequent individual diagnosis. But there was no association between these disorders and the time to death. However it makes it more difficult to treat their physic al symptoms. The findings from these two studies suggest that depression and anxiety disorders are common in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients. However Turner et al (2006) suggested that people of all ages have similar concerns and levels of anxiety and depression while receiving palliative radiotherapy for lung cancer. Turner et als (2006) findings supported Wilson et al, (2007) because it also established that issues about the illness itself and its treatment outcome were the major concerns of the participants which influence anxiety and depression. However the two studies are limited to the method used. Turner et al (2006) clearly identified the data collection method used in the methodology. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Concerns Check List. The questionnaire was completed by patients during their first visit for radiotherapy using touch-screen technology to record their responses. This method has been validated against paper questionnaire (Holloway and Wheeler, 2002). Some patients also used the paper version of the questionnaire. Data obtained from these two methods were compared in the analysis. Follow up was made during the next visit of patients to their outpatient appointment. Lung cancer specialist nurses were used for the collection of follow-up data. Where this was not possible, questionnaire, along side paid envelopes were sent directly to the participants. Those who returned completed questionnaires were sent a letter of thanks. On the other hand, Wilson et al, (2007) used a di agnostic interview which was a modification of a protocol that has been developed for the rapid screening of mental disorders in primary rather than palliative care. Although it has been used in previous studies in oncology settings, admittedly there is not enough strong body of validating research to support it use (Skarskein, 2000). Moreover Turner et als (2006) study was conducted in the United Kingdom while Wilson et al, (2007) was conducted in Canada. This could affect the interpretation of the findings because of the existing cultural differences and healthcare systems among these two countries. Conversely, in both papers the researchers achieved excellent sample sizes and responses (LoBiondo-Wood, 2006). Greenhalg (2001) stated that when examining studies it is important to distinguish whether the sampling strategy is appropriate for the design of the study and level of evidence provided by the design. Turner et al, (2006) selected a sample size of 191 patients undergoing palliative radiotherapy in radiotherapy centres in various hospitals. From this, 132 were recruited into the study, 83 elderly and 49 younger patients. Wilson et al, (2007) selected an eligible sample of 381 lung cancer patients receiving palliative care in eight sites across Canada. In both studies the researchers achieved excellent sample size and response rate. The sample sizes were large enough to give an accurate picture of what is going on (Greenhalg, 2001). Crombie (2008) stated that studies which use too small sample size often fail to detect clinically important effects. Moreover both studies used random sampling to recruit participants for the studie

The Process of Writing: Composing through Critical Thinking, by Roberta

Sally caught the ball. The long-haired, athletic Sally gathered up all her strength and stretched, like Stretch Arm Strong, to grab that ball right out of the sky above. Which one sounds better? Which one would you rather have in your paragraph? With some simple things to keep in mind, you too can write better. The book entitled, The Process of Writing: Composing through Critical Thinking, by Roberta Allen and Marcia Mascolini, taught you everything from thinking before you write to putting things together, all the way to how to prepare specific forms of essays. It's definitely something you should read before even thinking about another paper. First of all, before you can write and actual paper, you must first go through certain steps in order to prepare the essay, and then when the time comes you can write your essay with ease and add detail. When you have a clear head you can write so much easier, although it is hard to obtain that mind set. Getting your thought down on paper without worrying about the perfection and detail helps the whole writing process and analysis. The first thing to do before even starting to brainstorm is to figure out whom your audience is, who are you aiming the paper to? You need to make your message meaningful to your audience, and make sure you think about what the audience needs, expectations, knowledge, and attitudes towards your subject are. Anticipate their questions and how they will respond to your answers. Some key ideas to think about when assessing your audience are to think of the primary and secondary readers are. Then what do they already know about your subject, and what c haracteristics about your audience will affect how the paper will look? Then think about what i... ... memos, shows you how to write proposals and progress reports, and how to document secondary sources. In conclusion, this book was amazingly informative and very helpful. It is definitely something that every student should read before writing another paper. It lays out the dos and don'ts of the writing process; it is great way to improve your technique. This book went all the way from showing you exactly how to write certain types of papers, such as long messages and memos all the way to compare and contrast papers, to showing you how to write in detail with all papers. This book is definitely something that I would recommend to future students. Especially in business classes, or any writing classes for that matter. Writing is a huge part of communication, and this book helped with the fundamentals that many people lack but are essential in the long run.

Parallel LellaraP

Then Nodal thought to himself, â€Å"What if there was a parallel world Now we enter the life of London, who is doing anything except for read Eng a book. â€Å"l really hate doing homework,† London said. â€Å"To bad it's the beginning of the year. † his friend Christian said. Just like Nodal, London wanted the new parallel universe e machine, but they both don't have the money. Even though they were very opposite, the e machine was the only thing Nodal and London wanted. So for Christmas London got the machine, and for Nodal graduation ca me around and they tooth got the machine.But the thing is, it din ‘t come with batteries. Know a powerful device that let's you travel from universe to Universe needs batteries. The battery is not going to stop them the machine has a lot of money an d they didn't have the money for batteries. So every day London and Nodal asked their parents for money. They asked their friends for money, they asked their enemies for money, and they even asked complete strangers for money. Until one day London and Nodal did the last thing they could, they took the batteries out of the remote.So when London and Nod mol got the batteries out of the remote and into the machine, they were ready. They powered it up and selected maneuvered for the destination on dial and there was a flash! The next thing they knew London and Nodal were in each other s universes. To them everything looked the same but little did they know everything was a bout to change. â€Å"Where am l? ‘ London said â€Å"everything looks the same except there is no TV in this room. Is it my room in this world? † London was so shocked he didn't know what to d o. But there is no time for Loon's stories.Now we travel to where Nodal went. â€Å"Where am I? ‘ Nodal said â€Å"Oh no I traveled to a world without any books! Oh hers one, City of Ember, what is this? ‘ As London on and Nodal were just getting used to the worlds they've tra veled to, they read the box the machine came in which said â€Å"Thank you for buying the world traveler 237 please be noted that this machine only goes one way then disappears until you buy another one. Once again thanks oh and have a good day. † â€Å"Alright I had enough fun time to go back. Oh no, where did the machine go? † London said frightened.Someone should have told him to read the box. â€Å"It's time to go baa KC to my world, I can't stay in a world no books. Where's the machine, I musty misplaced it I'll find it Oh no I can't find it I'm stuck here forever!!!! † Nodal said. It took London and Nodal a very long time to get used to the new world they were in. But finally they had to except the fact that they were never going back to t heir old worlds. And in the end, they forgot all about going to different universes and just live d their life. That's why you should always read the box.

Democracy in Athens essays

Democracy in Athens essays From Athens to Today: The Evolution of Democracy The form of political organization that evolved in the polis of Athens over the course of the sixth, fifth, and fourth centuries B.C. is one of the most well-known legacies of the Greco-Roman world. This idea, known as democracy, is now widely accepted as the most desirable form of human political organization. Moreover, the Athenian democracy represents one of the longest periods of popular self-government in human history, equaled among modern countries only by the United States. The Greek word demokratia can be translated literally as the people possess the political power in the state. An Athenian invention, democracy, is traditionally credited to Kleisthenes, but the reforms of 508 and 507 B.C. that go under his name were the result of many different forces. Democracy continued to develop over nearly two centuries from 508 to 322. While democracy got its roots in ancient Greece, it is important to make a distinction between ancient democracy and the various modern versions of government under the same name. In ancient Greece, the government of the people by the people and for the people was carried out directly by the citizens, whereas in modern democracies voters (who are not necessarily citizens) elect representatives to take decisions on their behalf and have no direct access to political power on a day-to-day basis. Athens, it seems, was a direct, not representative, democracy. The structure and functioning of the Athenian direct democracy differed greatly from those of our representative democracy. There were no government departments, no civil service, and only a limited archive system. Decisions were taken and executed directly by the Athenian people. Much of the appeal of the ancient democracy rested upon the attractiveness of two closely related ideas: first, that all citizens, despite differences in their socio-economic standing, should ha...

Alcoholism essays

Alcoholism essays Alcoholism is a chronic disease caused by a craving for alcohol. People suffering from this illness are referred to as alcoholics. They do not know how to control there drinking problem even when it causes a serious harm to their health and this could lead to medical disorders, marital difficulties, job loss, or automobile crashes. Alcoholism can be influenced by genetic, psychological and social factors. It cannot be cured, but many treatment options can help an alcoholic to avoid drinking and live a healthy and safe life. When a person consumes alcohol, the stomach and intestines rapidly absorb it. From there alcohol travels in the blood throughout the entire body, affecting nearly every tissue. High doses of alcohol depress the functions of the central nervous system, including the brain. The higher the alcohol level in the blood, the greater the impairment (Encarta). As the blood passes through the liver, enzymes break down alcohol into byproducts, which are eliminated after six to eight hours from the body. The alcohol remains in the body, producing intoxicating effects after the last drink is taken. Smaller quantities of alcohol reduce inhibitions and produce feeling of relaxation and happiness. Larger amounts of alcohol causes greater impairment to the brain and usually impairs sexual performance, particularly in males. When a person is intoxicated, theyre thinking and perception skills become blunt. Alcohol reduces anxiety, guilt, worries and often leaves a person feeling good about themselves (Goon 261). If drinking continues to happen it can lead to loss of physical control and possibly death. There are three types of effects of alcohol on various organs and tissues. These effects include the short, long and withdrawal symptoms. During the short-term effects the brain is mostly affected. The drinkers judgement and thinking becomes dulled. The perso...

Briefly Describe the Nature of the Recent Global Financial Crisis Essay

Briefly Describe the Nature of the Recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) - Essay Example The governments of almost all the nations had to come up with packages that are required to move out from such a situation. The financial crisis will shed its impacts around the globe due to globalization. The livelihood of all people at every corner will feel the heat of crisis (World Bank, 2009). Financial Crisis The collapse of the U.S. housing market regarded as the housing bubble is characterized as one of the prime reason for the situation to arrive. The collapse resulted in surge of mortgage loan defaults (World Health Organization, 2009, 2). The collapse of the real estate market and the subprime mortgage market of the U.S. had the severe effects around the globe. Uncertainties accrued in the financial systems. The creditors involved themselves in pulling out their funds and cashed out securities that were issued by the financial institutions (Jalilian, n.d., 1). These lead to failure of many institutions while others struggled to survive poorly. The loan and credit possibili ties from the bank dried up (Baily, Litan, and Johnson, M., 2008, 11). There was a downturn in the share market as investors dumped their holdings. The system lost the confidence. In order to create securitization, the banks started to borrow more money. As long as the banks can pull out money by selling loans on the basis of securities, they did not feel the dependency to rely on the savers (European Commission, 2009, 8). Some of the banks even moved into mortgages. There was pressure from the government to serve the poor and the loans offered to the poor were risky as there was the fear of default (Roitman, 2009). They used to buy the mortgage in order to securitize them and then sell them. Some of the banks started to buy securities as well. This increased the exposure of the banks to risks. When the problem got realized, the process of lending got slowed. Some of the banks were on the verge of the most risky loans which was beyond the intention of the investors. The lenders fell upon to take back their loans. The investment banks fell drastically as they had no or little deposits. The problem got intensified and even the banks with large capital reserves began to feel the pressure. They turned to the government for support. The banks began to feel nervous to loan out the injected money and the shrinking banks sucked money out of the economy. Many economies are (or have been) in recession, technically defined as 2 or more quarters of negative growth or contraction of real GDP, for example the economies of the US, Japan, the Euro area, UK, and New Zealand (but not Australia). Among the other effects include rise in the level of unemployment, rising in the levels of international and domestic debt, crisis in housing and mortgage, failure of key businesses such as automobile industry of U.S., along with various banks and housing lenders. There were downturns in the share market along with declines in the wealth of the consumers. The volumes of international tr ade and investment declined. There has been some recovery with the assistance of the governments such as stimulatory spending (but often financed by further debt), financial institution guarantees and buyouts, and assistance to industries (but needed to be within the framework of WTO rules and agreements). In order to combat with the situation of fall in confidence it was necessary to inject liquidity into the financial institu

History of architecture and interior design Essay

History of architecture and interior design - Essay Example According to Quorum Architects (2013) Interior design can be defined as multi-faceted profession in which creative and technical solutions are applied within a structure to achieve a built interior environment. These solutions are functional, enhance the quality of life and culture of the occupants and are aesthetically attractive. (Quorum Architects, 2013) 3. Objective of the Paper: The objective of this essay is to find the answer of the following question in relation to the architecture and interior designing. The question is â€Å"In what ways did the ‘neo-Palladian’ Cheswick House by William Kent and Lord Burlington embody neoclassical values†. Image 1: Longleat House of the year 1580, example of Neo Palladian Work. 4. Neo Palladian Covept of architecture: Neo-Palladianism is the term associated with the style of architecture. It is used to describe the style of architecture developed in Britain in the early eighteenth century. The implement of this style was first implemented by Lord Burlington and his group of architects. The architecture was mainly developed on Palladio’s villas as well as in palaces rather than on the church. For a long period of time, this style was not applicable in the interior designing as well as in the architecture. ... His aim was to develop a new taste of Palladianism style in Britain. His new style of work was reflected on the structure and the design of buildings like Chiswick House etc. According to the analysis, Burlington's promotion of Palladio's work and the dissemination of ideas through architectural treatises and builders' companions led to a quite different style of architecture. Neo-Palladianism emphasized certain building types and stylistic features. Structure like Vilas and palace-terraces were busily erected across Britain, with columns, pediments deployed repeatedly on their facades. (Architecture.com, nd). Image 2: A villa with a superimposed portico, example of Neo Palladian architecture. 5. Neo Classical Architecture: According to Hopkins (2009), neoclassical architecture is based on ancient Greek and Roman principles of design principles, rules of scale, classical orders and proportion. This type of architecture was started in the 16th century by the work of Andrea Pallado dur ing the Italian Renaissance period. In the 18th century this architecture work became fashionable in England and France as well. According to his review, the advancement of this architecture was carried out by the French Academy in Rome. The advancement was first noticed in the design of Petit Trianon, the Pantheon and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris etc. He also pointed out the fact that since then the English architecture group adopted the same culture. Among all the sculpture of the England, one of the well discussed and best example of Palladian style of Neoclassical architecture was Cheswick House in London. (Hopkins, 2009, p.119). According to his view, after the independence war in 1812 in America the